The Persistence of Market Fragmentation
I present novel evidence that market fragmentation as measured by the daily Herfindahl of trading volume across venues is a long memory process, with a median differencing parameter of approximately 0.59 across 1,754 stocks from 2016 to 2026. Persistence is heterogeneous in the cross-section, with lower priced and higher volume stocks being associated with a higher memory parameter. The market-wide series is more persistent at approximately 0.77, above all but seven percent of individual stocks. I estimate the association between fragmentation and liquidity using econometric methods that allow for unbiased inference when faced with fractionally integrated processes and I find that lit and dark fragmentation are associated with deteriorated liquidity. My study reconciles conflicting results in the fragmentation literature.
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